Cooling system and method of a fuel cell

ABSTRACT

A cooling system of a fuel cell is provided with a main cooling flow passage and a bypass cooling flow passage which is arranged parallel with the main cooling flow passage and diverts the same coolant, as flow passages through which coolant flows. A radiator and a coolant circulation pump and the like are arranged in the main cooling flow passage. Coolant from the main cooling flow passage enters the bypass cooling flow passage and reaches a second heat exchanger via a case of a motor of an ACP and the like. At the second heat exchanger, heat exchange is also performed with a supply gas flow passage, after which the coolant returns to the main cooling flow passage. The manner in which the coolant is distributed can be changed depending on where the coolant is diverted from the main cooling flow passage and the arrangement of the circulation pump.

This is a division of application Ser. No. 12/085,958 filed 3 Jun. 2008,which is a 371 national phase application of PCT/IB2006/003552 filed 11Dec. 2006, claiming priority to Japanese Patent Applications No.2005-357543 filed 12 Dec. 2005, No. 2006-073071 filed 16 Mar. 2006, andNo. 2006-316178 filed 22 Nov. 2006, respectively, the contents of whichare incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a cooling system and method of a fuel cellwhich generates electricity by an electrochemical reaction produced bysupplying a fuel gas to an anode side and supplying an oxidizing gas toa cathode side.

2. Description of the Related Art

Fuel cells are being used in vehicles because they have little effect onthe environment. A fuel cell produces the necessary power by, forexample, supplying a fuel gas such as hydrogen to an anode side of afuel cell stack and an oxidizing gas that includes oxygen, such as air,to a cathode side, and producing a reaction between the two through anelectrolyte membrane. This reaction generates heat in the fuel cell soto cool it, a coolant such as cooling water is circulated through thefuel cell stack and then cooled by a radiator or the like. In order towarm up a cold fuel cell at startup, the coolant is heated to anappropriate temperature by a heater, for example. In this way, thecoolant is circulated through the fuel cell stack and its temperatureadjusted.

Also, a gas compressor such as an air compressor (ACP) is used toappropriately pressurize the oxidizing gas supplied to the cathode sideof the fuel cell stack. As the ACP operates, it also generates heat andis therefore cooled by a heat exchanger, referred to as an intercooler.In addition, vehicles are also provided with a heat exchanger forair-conditioning the cabin. In this way, vehicles are provided withvarious heat exchangers for different purposes so it would be reasonableto consider their shared use.

For example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. JP-A-2005-79007describes a fuel cell system that prevents clogging while helping tomake up for insufficient humidity from a humidifier provided on thecathode side of the fuel cell. Here, both coolant for cooling thecathode supply gas and coolant for cooling the fuel cell stack areshared and the heat exchanger for cooling the cathode supply gas and thefuel cell stack are connected in series by a coolant flow passage. Twothree-way valves which change the direction of coolant flow depending onwhether the temperature of the fuel cell is high or low are arrangedmidway in this coolant flow passage.

Also, Published Japanese National Phase Application No. 2005-514261 ofPCT application describes a method for heating and cooling a vehiclehaving a fuel cell as an air-conditioning apparatus and heating sourcewhich easily compensates for insufficient heat when the externaltemperature is low, and which also enables both sufficient cooling ofthe fuel cell apparatus and comfortable air conditioning when theexternal temperature is high. According to the technology described inthat publication, a common coolant is used to cool the heating sourceand provide air conditioning for the vehicle so only a single coolantcircuit is used. This coolant circuit branches off into a firstsub-circuit and a second sub-circuit at a branching point. The firstsub-circuit distributes coolant to the fuel cell apparatus, while thesecond sub-circuit distributes coolant to the air conditioning apparatusof the vehicle. After circulating through these apparatuses, thedistributed coolants then merge together again at a merging point. Thatis, a heat exchanger of the fuel cell apparatus and a heat exchanger ofthe air conditioning apparatus are arranged in series in a single loop.

In the related art, when independently controlling these heatexchangers, the coolant circuit and the control thereof are independentfrom one another which is inconvenient. When the cooling system of thefuel cell stack and the cooling system of the cathode supply gas arecontrolled independently, the temperature of the cathode supply gasentering the fuel cell stack is determined by the cooling system of thecathode supply gas, and the temperature of the cathode supply gas(so-called cathode off gas) exiting the fuel cell stack is mostlydetermined by the cooling system of the fuel cell stack. If these twocooling systems are controlled independently from one another, thetemperature difference between temperature of the cathode supply gasentering the fuel cell stack and the temperature of the cathode off gasmay become too large, which may result in the following problems.

For example, a humidifier is provided parallel with the fuel cell stackto appropriately humidify the cathode supply gas and supply thathumidified gas to the fuel cell stack, but the temperature differencebetween both ends of the humidifier may become too great. The humidifierused may have a well-known tubular construction, but if the temperaturedifference between both ends of the humidifier becomes too great, thistubular construction may become damaged and not work sufficiently. Thus,having the coolant circuits and controls thereof independent from oneanother for each of the fuel cell heat exchangers not only makes thestructure complicated, but also results in inefficient use of thecoolant and may lead to problems such as that described above.

Japanese Patent Application Publication No. JP-A-2005-79007 andPublished Japanese National Phase Application No. 2005-514261 of PCTapplication describe related art which share the coolant for cooling thecathode supply gas and the coolant for cooling the fuel cell stack anduse a common coolant for cooling the fuel cell, i.e., the heatingsource, and providing air conditioning for the cabin of the vehicle.With these technologies, a fuel cell stack and another heat exchangerfor cooling are arranged in series in the coolant flow passage and thesame coolant is shared. As a result, regulation of the temperature ofthe fuel cell stack and regulation of the temperatures of the cathodesupply gas and the vehicle cabin are interdependent. Accordingly,although the coolant is used more efficiently in these technologies, therespective temperatures can not be controlled independently. Thus, it isjust as difficult to appropriately regulate the temperatures as it iswhen the respective cooling systems are controlled independently.

In this way, in the related art, temperature regulation of the fuel cellstack and temperature regulation of the cathode supply gas and thevehicle cabin are not cooperatively controlled.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing problems, this invention thus provides acooling system of a fuel cell which cooperatively controls a coolingsystem of a fuel cell stack and another heat exchange system.

An aspect of the invention relates to a cooling system of a fuel cellwhich generates electricity by an electrochemical reaction produced bysupplying a fuel gas to an anode side and an oxidizing gas to a cathodeside, which is characterized by including a cooling flow passage throughwhich coolant circulates between a fuel cell stack and a radiator, and asecond heat exchanger which is provided parallel with the fuel cellstack and uses coolant that has been diverted from the cooling flowpassage.

Also, another aspect of the invention relates to a cooling system of afuel cell which generates electricity by an electrochemical reactionproduced by supplying a fuel gas to an anode side and an oxidizing gasto a cathode side, which is characterized by including a cooling flowpassage through which coolant circulates between a fuel cell stack and aradiator, and a second heat exchanger which is provided parallel withthe radiator and uses coolant that has been diverted from the coolingflow passage.

Also, the second heat exchanger may also serve as a cooling apparatus ofa gas compressor for supplying oxidizing gas.

Also, the fuel cell may be a vehicular fuel cell mounted in a vehicle,an air conditioning heat exchanger for air conditioning a vehicle cabinmay be provided parallel with the fuel cell stack, and coolant that hasbeen diverted from the cooling flow passage may be used in the airconditioning heat exchanger.

The cooling system of a fuel cell may also include a coolant circulationpump arranged in series in the cooling flow passage, and a humidifierarranged in parallel with respect to a cathode side inlet of the fuelcell stack through which the oxidizing gas is supplied to the cathodeside of the fuel cell and a cathode side outlet of the fuel cell stackthrough which the gas is discharged. The humidifier may be arrangeddownstream of the coolant circulation pump and upstream of the fuel cellstack, and the second heat exchanger may use coolant taken fromdownstream of the radiator and upstream of the coolant circulation pump.

The cooling system of a fuel cell may also include a coolant circulationpump arranged in series in the cooling flow passage, and a humidifierarranged in parallel with respect to a cathode side inlet of the fuelcell stack through which the oxidizing gas is supplied to the cathodeside of the fuel cell and a cathode side outlet of the fuel cell stackthrough which the gas is discharged. The humidifier may be arrangeddownstream of the coolant circulation pump and upstream of the fuel cellstack, and the second heat exchanger may use coolant taken fromdownstream of the coolant circulation pump and upstream of thehumidifier.

The cooling system of a fuel cell may also include a coolant circulationpump arranged in series in the cooling flow passage, and a humidifierarranged in parallel with respect to a cathode side inlet of the fuelcell stack through which the oxidizing gas is supplied to the cathodeside of the fuel cell and a cathode side outlet of the fuel cell stackthrough which the gas is discharged. The humidifier may be arrangedupstream of the coolant circulation pump and downstream of the radiator,and the second heat exchanger may use coolant taken from downstream ofthe radiator and upstream of the humidifier.

The cooling system of a fuel cell may also include a coolant circulationpump arranged in series in the cooling flow passage, and a humidifierarranged in parallel with respect to a cathode side inlet of the fuelcell stack through which the oxidizing gas is supplied to the cathodeside of the fuel cell and a cathode side outlet of the fuel cell stackthrough which the gas is discharged. The humidifier may be arrangeddownstream of the coolant circulation pump and upstream of the fuel cellstack, and the air conditioning heat exchanger may use coolant takenfrom downstream of the humidifier and upstream of the fuel cell stack.

The cooling system of a fuel cell may also include a coolant circulationpump arranged in series in the cooling flow passage, and a humidifierarranged in parallel with respect to a cathode side inlet of the fuelcell stack through which the oxidizing gas is supplied to the cathodeside of the fuel cell and a cathode side outlet of the fuel cell stackthrough which the gas is discharged. The humidifier may be arrangeddownstream of the coolant circulation pump and upstream of the fuel cellstack, and the air conditioning heat exchanger may use coolant takenfrom downstream of the radiator and upstream of the coolant circulationpump.

The cooling system of a fuel cell may also include a coolant circulationpump arranged in series in the cooling flow passage, a humidifierarranged in parallel with respect to a cathode side inlet of the fuelcell stack through which the oxidizing gas is supplied to the cathodeside of the fuel cell and a cathode side outlet of the fuel cell stackthrough which gas is discharged, and bypass location switching means forswitching a location of at least one of an inlet and an outlet of abypass flow passage which diverts coolant from the cooling flow passageto the second heat exchanger.

The cooling system of a fuel cell may also include a coolant circulationpump arranged in series in the cooling flow passage, a humidifierarranged in parallel with respect to a cathode side inlet of the fuelcell stack through which the oxidizing gas is supplied to the cathodeside of the fuel cell stack and a cathode side outlet of the fuel cellstack through which gas is discharged, and bypass location switchingmeans for switching a location of at least one of an inlet and an outletof a bypass flow passage which diverts coolant from the cooling flowpassage to the air conditioning heat exchanger.

The cooling system of a fuel cell may also include a first coolantcirculation pump arranged in series in the cooling flow passage, an airconditioning bypass flow passage which is a bypass flow passage throughwhich coolant that has been diverted from the cooling flow passage flowsand in which the air conditioning heat exchanger, a heater, and a secondcoolant circulation pump are arranged, a circulation flow passagearranged in parallel with the air conditioning bypass flow passage, andair conditioning bypass switching means for switching a connectionbetween the air conditioning bypass flow passage and the cooling flowpassage and a connection between the air conditioning bypass flowpassage and the circulation flow passage.

Also, the air conditioning bypass switching means may switch theconnection between a closed loop connection in which the airconditioning bypass flow passage and the circulation flow passage areconnected in a closed loop and cut off from the cooling flow passage,and a direct connection in which the air conditioning bypass flowpassage and the cooling flow passage are directly connected and cut offfrom the circulation flow passage.

The second circulation pump may be a pump which operates with betterefficiency than the first circulation pump when the flow rate of thecoolant is low, and pump operation controlling means may also beprovided for controlling operation of the first circulation pump andoperation of the second circulation pump in connection with one anotheraccording to the operating state of the fuel cell, and when the fuelcell is operating under a low load, stopping operation of the firstcirculation pump and circulating coolant to the fuel cell stack usingthe second circulation pump.

Also, the cooling system of a fuel cell of the invention may include acoolant circulation pump arranged in series in the cooling flow passage,and the second heat exchanger may take in coolant from upstream of theradiator and downstream of the fuel cell stack, and return coolant todownstream of the radiator and upstream of the fuel cell stack.

Also, the cooling system of a fuel cell of the invention may include acoolant circulation pump arranged in series in the cooling flow passage,and the second heat exchanger may take in coolant from downstream of thecoolant circulation pump and upstream of the fuel cell stack.

Also, the cooling system of a fuel cell of the invention may include acoolant circulation pump arranged in series in the cooling flow passage,and the air conditioning heat exchanger may take in coolant fromdownstream of the coolant circulation pump and upstream of the fuel cellstack.

Also, the cooling system of a fuel cell of the invention may include acoolant circulation pump arranged in series in the cooling flow passage,and the air conditioning heat exchanger may take in coolant fromdownstream of the fuel cell stack and upstream of the radiator.

Effects of the Invention

At least one of the foregoing structures includes a cooling flow passagethrough which coolant circulates between a fuel cell stack and aradiator, and a second heat exchanger which is provided parallel withthe fuel cell stack and uses coolant that has been diverted from thecooling flow passage. Also, at least one of the foregoing structuresincludes a cooling flow passage through which coolant circulates betweena fuel cell stack and a radiator, and a second heat exchanger which isprovided parallel with the radiator and uses coolant that has beendiverted from the cooling flow passage. Therefore, the coolant is sharedbetween the fuel cell stack and the second heat exchanger. Because themain cooling flow passage that passes through the radiator and a bypasscooling flow passage that passes through the second heat exchanger areparallel to one another, the fuel cell stack cooling system and thesecond heat exchanger system can be cooperatively controlled bycontrolling the distribution ratio (i.e., the ratio of the coolant thatflows through the main cooling flow passage with respect to the coolantthat flows through the bypass cooling flow passage). The distributionratio may also be controlled by setting or changing the flow passageresistance ratio between the main cooling flow passage and the bypasscooling flow passage, the position in which the coolant supply pump isarranged, and the position in which the coolant circulation pump isarranged. Alternatively, the distribution ratio may be controlled bydetermining the amount of coolant using a control valve that controlsthe distribution ratio. The flow passage resistance ratio may also beset according to the location where the bypass cooling flow passageseparates from the main cooling flow passage and the shapes of the flowpassages and the like.

Also, the second heat exchanger also serves as the cooling apparatus ofthe gas compressor for supplying oxidizing gas. Therefore, the fuel cellstack cooling system and the cooling system of the gas compressor forsupplying oxidizing gas can be cooperatively controlled in combination.

Moreover, the air conditioning heat exchanger for air conditioning thevehicle cabin is provided parallel with the fuel cell stack and coolantin the cooling flow passage is diverted. Therefore, the fuel cell stackcooling system and the vehicle cabin air conditioning system can becooperatively controlled in combination. Further, the fuel cell stackcooling system, the cooling system of the gas compressor for supplyingoxidizing gas, and the vehicle cabin air conditioning system can all becooperatively controlled in combination.

Also, in the cooling system of a fuel cell, the coolant distributionratio differs depending on the structure of the cooling system,especially the position in which the circulation pump is arranged.Therefore, the structure of the cooling system can be selected accordingto how the coolant is to be distributed among the fuel cell stack, thesecond heat exchanger, and the air conditioning heat exchanger.

According to at least one of the foregoing structures, the humidifier isarranged downstream of the coolant circulation pump, and upstream of thefuel cell stack, and the second heat exchanger uses coolant taken fromdownstream of the radiator and upstream of the coolant circulation pump.According to this structure, (the amount of coolant flowing through theradiator)+(the amount of coolant flowing through the second heatexchanger)=total amount of coolant=(the amount of coolant flowingthrough the fuel cell stack)+(the amount of coolant flowing through thehumidifier). Therefore, if (the amount of coolant flowing through thehumidifier) is reduced, then a considerable amount of coolant can besupplied to the fuel cell stack.

Also, according to at least one of the foregoing structures, thehumidifier is arranged downstream of the coolant circulation pump andupstream of the fuel cell stack, and the second heat exchanger usescoolant taken from downstream of the coolant circulation pump andupstream of the humidifier. According to this structure, (the amount ofcoolant flowing through the radiator)=total amount of coolant=(theamount of coolant flowing through the second heat exchanger)+(the amountof coolant flowing through the fuel cell stack)+(the amount of coolantflowing through the humidifier). Therefore, the maximum amount ofcoolant can be supplied to the radiator.

Also, according to at least one of the foregoing structures, thehumidifier is arranged upstream of the coolant circulation pump anddownstream of the radiator, and the second heat exchanger uses coolanttaken from downstream of the radiator and upstream of the humidifier.According to this structure, (the amount of coolant flowing through theradiator)+(the amount of coolant flowing through the second heatexchanger)+(the amount of coolant flowing through the humidifier)=totalamount of coolant=(the amount of coolant flowing through the fuel cellstack). Therefore, the maximum amount of coolant can be supplied to thefuel cell stack.

Also, according to at least one of the foregoing structures, the coolantcirculation pump is arranged in series in the cooling, flow passage, thehumidifier is arranged downstream of the coolant circulation pump andupstream of the fuel cell stack, and the air conditioning heat exchangeruses coolant taken from downstream of the humidifier and upstream of thefuel cell stack. According to this structure, (the amount of coolantflowing through the radiator)+(the amount of coolant flowing through thesecond heat exchanger)=total amount of coolant=(the amount of coolantflowing through the humidifier)+(the amount of coolant flowing throughthe fuel cell stack)+(the amount of coolant flowing through the airconditioning heat exchanger). Therefore, coolant can be supplied to theair conditioning heat exchanger while an appropriate amount of coolantis supplied to the fuel cell stack.

Also, according to at least one of the foregoing structures, the coolantcirculation pump is arranged in series in the cooling flow passage, thehumidifier is arranged downstream of the coolant circulation pump andupstream of the fuel cell stack, and the air conditioning heat exchangeruses coolant taken from downstream of the radiator and upstream of thecoolant circulation pump. According to this structure, (the amount ofcoolant flowing through the radiator)+(the amount of coolant flowingthrough the air conditioning heat exchanger)+(the amount of coolantflowing through the second heat exchanger)=total amount of coolant=(theamount of coolant flowing through the humidifier)+(the amount of coolantflowing through the fuel cell stack). Therefore, coolant can be suppliedto other elements while a considerable amount of coolant is supplied tothe fuel cell stack.

Moreover, bypass location switching means is provided for switching thelocation of the inlet and outlet of the bypass flow passage whichdiverts coolant from the cooling flow passage to the second heatexchanger. Therefore, for example, a coolant amount appropriate for theoperating state of the fuel cell stack is able to be supplied to thefuel cell stack by switching the bypass location according to theoperating state of the fuel cell stack.

Also, bypass location switching means is provided for switching theposition in the cooling flow passage of the inlet and outlet of thebypass flow passage which diverts the coolant from the cooling flowpassage to the air conditioning heat exchanger. Therefore, a coolantamount appropriate for the vehicle cabin temperature can be supplied tothe air conditioning heat exchanger by switching the bypass locationaccording to the vehicle cabin temperature and the like.

Also, the air conditioning bypass flow passage in which the airconditioning heat exchanger, the heater, and the second coolantcirculation pump are arranged, as well as the circulation flow passagewhich is arranged in parallel with the air conditioning bypass flowpassage are provided, and the connection between the air conditioningbypass flow passage and the cooling flow passage, as well as theconnection between the air conditioning bypass flow passage and thecirculation flow passage is switched when diverting coolant from thecooling flow passage to the air conditioning heat exchanger. As aresult, the connection between the air conditioning bypass flow passageand the cooling flow passage which is related to cooling the fuel cellstack can be switched either cooperatively or independently, therebyincreasing the degree of freedom of the cooling system. For example,cold coolant can be prevented from flowing to the air conditioningbypass flow passage when the fuel cell stack is cold, and warm coolantcan be supplied to the air conditioning heat exchanger after the fuelcell stack has warmed up.

Also, the air conditioning bypass flow passage can be cut off from thecooling flow passage and connected with the circulation flow passage ina closed loop. The air conditioning bypass flow passage can also be cutoff from the circulation flow passage and directly connected to thecooling flow passage. The former connection allows coolant to only becirculated between the air conditioning heat exchanger and the heater sothe vehicle cabin can be warmed up independently. The latter connectionenables the coolant to be cooperatively shared by the coolant flowpassage.

Also, the second circulation pump operates more efficiently with a smallflow rate than does the first circulation pump. Therefore, when the fuelcell is operating under a low load, the first circulation pump isstopped and coolant is circulated, to the fuel cell stack using thesecond circulation pump. When the fuel cell stack is operating under alow load, it does not need to be cooled by the radiator so often it issufficient to circulate the coolant at a low flow rate. In this case,using the second circulation pump uses less power, thereby improving thefuel consumption performance of the overall system.

Also, according to at least one of the foregoing structures, the secondheat exchanger uses coolant taken from upstream of the radiator anddownstream of the fuel cell stack and returned to downstream of theradiator and upstream of the fuel cell stack. According to thisstructure, (the amount of coolant flowing through the radiator)+(theamount of coolant flowing through the second heat exchanger)=totalamount of coolant=(the amount of coolant flowing through the fuel cellstack). Therefore, a considerable amount of coolant can be supplied tothe fuel cell stack.

Also, according to at least one of the foregoing structures, the secondheat exchanger uses coolant taken from downstream of the coolantcirculation pump and upstream of the fuel cell stack. According to thisstructure, (the amount of coolant flowing through the radiator)=totalamount of coolant=(the amount of coolant flowing through the second heatexchanger)+(the amount of coolant flowing through the fuel cell stack).Therefore, the maximum amount of coolant can be supplied to theradiator.

Also, according to at least one of the foregoing structures, the coolantcirculation pump is arranged in series in the cooling flow passage, andthe air conditioning heat exchanger uses coolant taken from downstreamof the coolant circulation pump and upstream of the fuel cell stack.According to this structure, (the amount of coolant flowing through theradiator)+(the amount of coolant flowing through the second heatexchanger)=total amount of coolant=(the amount of coolant flowingthrough the fuel cell stack)+(the amount of coolant flowing through theair conditioning heat exchanger). Therefore, coolant can be supplied tothe air conditioning heat exchanger while an appropriate amount ofcoolant is supplied to the fuel cell stack.

Also, according to at least one of the foregoing structures, the coolantcirculation pump is arranged in series in the cooling flow passage, andthe air conditioning heat exchanger uses coolant taken from downstreamof the fuel cell stack and upstream of the radiator. According to thisstructure, (the amount of coolant flowing through the radiator)+(theamount of coolant flowing through the air conditioning heat,exchanger)+(the amount of coolant flowing through the second heatexchanger)=total amount of coolant=(the amount of coolant flowingthrough the fuel cell stack). Therefore, coolant can be supplied toother elements while a considerable amount of coolant is supplied to thefuel cell stack.

As described above, the cooling system of the fuel cell according to theinvention enables the fuel cell stack cooling system and another heatexchange system to be cooperatively controlled.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and further objects, features and advantages of theinvention will become apparent from the following description ofpreferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings,wherein like numerals are used to represent like elements and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a fuel cell operating system to which acooling system of a fuel cell according to a first embodiment of theinvention has been applied;

FIG. 2 is a view showing the structure of the cooling system of a fuelcell according to the first embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a view showing a modified example of the cooling system of afuel cell according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a view showing another modified example of the cooling systemof a fuel cell according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a view illustrating cooperative control with an airconditioning heat exchanger according to a second embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 6 is a view showing a modified example of cooperative control withan air conditioning heat exchanger according to the second embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a view showing yet another modified example of cooperativecontrol with an air conditioning heat exchanger according to the secondembodiment;

FIG. 8 is a view showing an example of an air conditioning bypass flowpassage connection in the modified example shown in FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 is a view showing another example of an air conditioning bypassflow passage connection in the modified example shown in FIG. 7; and

FIG. 10 is a view illustrating operation of a circulation pump in themodified example shown in FIG. 7.

FIG. 11 is a view showing the structure of a cooling system of a fuelcell according to another embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a view showing yet another embodiment;

FIG. 13 is a view showing still another embodiment;

FIG. 14 is a view showing another embodiment of coordinated control withthe air conditioning heat exchanger;

FIG. 15 is a view showing yet another embodiment of coordinated controlwith the air conditioning heat exchanger;

FIG. 16 is a view showing still another embodiment of coordinatedcontrol with the air conditioning heat exchanger;

FIG. 17 is a view of an example of a connective state of the airconditioning bypass cooling flow passage in the embodiment shown in FIG.16;

FIG. 18 is a view of another example of a connective state of the airconditioning bypass cooling flow passage in the embodiment shown in FIG.16; and

FIG. 19 is a view illustrating the operation of the circulation pump inthe embodiment shown in FIG. 16.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the following description and the accompanying drawings, the presentinvention will be described in more detail in terms of exemplaryembodiments. The cooling system of a fuel cell described below is onewhich is applied to a fuel cell operating system. Therefore, thestructure of the fuel cell operating system will be described first andthen the cooling system will be described. FIG. 1 is a block diagram ofa fuel cell operating system 10 to which a cooling system of a fuel cellaccording to a first embodiment of the invention has been applied. Thefuel cell operating system 10 includes a system main portion 20 and acontrol portion 701 which controls various elements of the system mainportion 20 as the overall system.

The system main portion 20 includes a fuel cell main body referred to asa fuel cell stack 22 which is made up of a plurality of individual fuelcells stacked together, various elements for supplying hydrogen gas thatare arranged on an anode side of the fuel cell stack 22, and variouselements for supplying air that are arranged on a cathode side of thefuel cell stack 22.

An anode side hydrogen gas supply source 24 is provided which is a tankthat supplies hydrogen as a fuel gas. This hydrogen gas supply source isconnected to a regulator 26 which serves to appropriately regulate thepressure and flow rate of gas supplied from the hydrogen gas supplysource 24. A pressure gauge 28 is provided at an outlet of the regulator26. This pressure gauge 28 is a measuring machine for detecting thepressure of hydrogen that is supplied. The outlet of the regulator 26 isconnected to an anode side inlet of the fuel cell stack 22 such thatfuel gas which has been regulated to an appropriate pressure and flowrate is supplied to the fuel cell stack 22.

The gas discharged from the anode side outlet of the fuel cell stack 22has a low hydrogen content because the hydrogen is consumed to generateelectricity, and a high impurity gas content due to nitrogen gas, whichis a component in the cathode side air permeating through an MEA(Membrane Electrode Assembly). Water, which is the reaction product,also permeates through the MEA.

A flow diverter 32 which is connected to the anode side outlet of thefuel cell stack 22 diverts discharge gas to an attenuator 64 through agas release valve 34 when the impurity gas content in the gas dischargedfrom the anode side outlet becomes high. The discharged gas at this timeis hydrogen gas that also includes water, which is a reaction product,in addition to nitrogen. Also, a circulation pressure increasing device30 is provided after the flow diverter 32 and between it and the anodeside inlet. This circulation pressure increasing device 30 is a hydrogenpump which increases the partial pressure of hydrogen in the gasreturning from the anode side outlet and returns that hydrogen again tothe anode side inlet, thereby reusing it.

A cathode side oxygen supply source 40 is actually able to use ambientair. This ambient air (i.e., gas) from the oxygen supply source 40 issupplied to the cathode side through a filter 42. A flow meter 44 isprovided after the filter 42 which detects the total flow rate of thegas supplied from the oxygen supply source 40. A temperature gauge 46 isalso provided after the filter 42 which detects the temperature of gasflowing out from the oxygen supply source 40.

An air compressor (ACP) 48 increases the pressure of the supply gas byvolumetrically compressing it using a motor 50. Also, the ACP (48)varies its speed (i.e., the number of revolutions per minute) under thecontrol of the control portion 70 so as to supply a predetermined amountof supply gas. That is, when a large supply gas flow rate is required,the speed of the motor 50 is increased. Conversely, when a small supplygas flow rate is required, the speed of the motor 50 is decreased. AnACP power consumption detecting portion 52 is provided which is ameasuring device that detects the power consumption of the ACP (48), ormore specifically, the power consumption of the motor 50. The motor 50consumes more power the faster it operates and consumes less power theslower it operates. Therefore, the power consumption is closely relatedto the motor speed or the supply gas flow rate.

Because the ACP (48) supplies air including oxygen to the cathode sideof the fuel cell stack 22 under the control of the control portion 70 inthis way, air that includes oxygen will hereinafter be referred to ascathode side supply gas or simply supply gas. Therefore, the elementsfrom the oxygen supply source 40 to the ACP (48) can be referred to asoxygen supply devices.

A humidifier 54 appropriately humidifies the supply gas so that the fuelcell reaction in the fuel cell stack 22 takes place efficiently. Supplygas that has been suitably humidified by the humidifier 54 is thensupplied to the cathode side inlet of the fuel cell stack 22 anddischarged from the cathode side outlet. At this time, water; which is areaction product, is also discharged together with the discharge gas.The temperature of the fuel cell stack 22 rises due to the reaction, andas it does so, the discharged water turns into water vapor. This watervapor is then supplied to the humidifier 54 and used to appropriatelyhumidify the supply gas. In this way, the humidifier 54 serves toappropriately apply moisture from the water vapor to the supply gas soit can be used as a gas exchanger which uses a so-called in-air system.That is, the humidifier 54 is structured to be able to perform gasexchange between a flow passage through which gas from the ACP (48)flows and a flow passage through which water vapor flows. For example,by making an inside flow passage of the in-air system the flow passagethrough which supply gas from the ACP (48) flows and making an outsideflow passage of the in-air system the flow passage through which watervapor from the cathode side outlet of the fuel cell stack 22 flows, thesupply gas to the cathode inlet of the fuel cell stack 22 is able to beappropriately humidified.

Here, the flow passage that connects the oxygen supply devices describedabove with the cathode side inlet of the fuel cell stack 22 will bereferred to as the inlet side flow passage. Correspondingly, the flowpassage that is connected from the cathode side outlet of the fuel cellstack 22 to the discharge side will be referred to as the outlet sideflow passage.

A pressure gauge 56 provided at the cathode side outlet of the outletside flow passage detects the gas pressure at the cathode side outlet.Also, a pressure regulating valve 60, also referred to as a backpressure valve, which is provided in the outlet side flow passageadjusts the flow rate of supply gas to the fuel cell stack 22 byregulating the gas pressure at the cathode side outlet. The valve usedhere is one which can adjust the effective opening of the flow passagesuch as a butterfly valve for example.

The outlet of the pressure regulating valve 60 is connected to thehumidifier 54. Therefore after the gas flows through the pressureregulating valve 60 and supplies water vapor to the humidifier 54, itenters the attenuator 64, after which it is discharged outside thesystem.

A bypass valve 62 is provided in a bypass flow passage which connectsthe inlet side flow passage with the outlet side flow passage and isarranged in parallel with the fuel cell stack 22. This bypass valve 62mainly supplies air for attenuating the hydrogen content in thedischarge gas to the attenuator 64. That is, when the bypass valve 62 isopened, supply gas from the ACP (48) is supplied separately from thecomponent flowing to the fuel cell stack 22, to the attenuator 64 viathe bypass flow passage without flowing through the fuel cell stack 22.This bypass valve 62 may have the same structure as that of an exhaustbypass valve used to attenuate exhaust gas from an engine. This exhaustgas bypass valve is also referred to as an EGR valve.

The attenuator 64 is a buffer container which collects discharge watercontaining hydrogen from the anode side gas release valve 34 as well asdischarge gas containing not only water vapor from the cathode side butalso hydrogen that has leaked through the MEA, makes the hydrogencontent appropriate, and then discharges them outside the system. Whenthe hydrogen content exceeds the appropriate level, the bypass valve 62opens so that attenuation can be performed appropriately using thesupply gas provided not via the fuel cell stack 22.

The control portion 70 controls the various elements of the system mainportion 20 as an overall system and may also be referred to as the fuelcell CPU. For example, the control portion 70 cooperatively controls thepressure regulating valve and the bypass valve according to theoperating state of the fuel cell. The control portion 70 also controls acooling system, which will be described later, in order to maintain thefuel cell stack 22, the ACP 48, and the cathode side supply gas and thelike at the appropriate temperatures. These functions can be realizedwith software. More particularly, these functions can be realized byexecuting a corresponding fuel cell operating program, a fuel cellcooling program, and the like. Some of these functions can also berealized with hardware.

In this kind of fuel cell operating system 10, the fuel cell stack 22generates heat by the reaction between the fuel gas and the supply gas.In addition, heat is also generated by the motor 50 and the like whenthe ACP (48) is operating. Moreover, the supply gas, supplied to thecathode side of the fuel cell stack 22 is preferably an appropriatetemperature. Also, although an air conditioning system for airconditioning the vehicle cabin can be provided, when the fuel celloperating system 10 is mounted in a vehicle, it is preferable to use thewaste heat from the fuel cell stack 22, if possible, to quickly bringthe cabin to an appropriate temperature when the cabin is cold forexample. In this way, the temperature of the elements that make up thefuel cell operating system 10 must be regulated, i.e., cooled, which iswhy the cooling system of a fuel cell is provided.

In the following description, the cooling flow passage through whichcoolant flows that cools the fuel cell stack using a radiator will bereferred to as the main cooling flow passage and the cooling flowpassage which diverts the flow of the coolant and runs parallel to themain cooling flow passage will be referred to as the bypass cooling flowpassage. A heat exchanger for cooling the ACP (48) and a heat exchangerused for air conditioning the cabin will be described as heat exchangersprovided in the bypass cooling flow passage. The radiator is consideredthe first heat exchanger so the heat exchanger for cooling the ACP (48)will be referred to as the second heat exchanger and the heat exchangerused for air conditioning the cabin will be referred to as the airconditioning heat exchanger. The second heat exchanger in this case maybe combined with an intercooler for independently cooling the ACP (48)as a cooling system by performing heat exchange using diverted coolant.Of course, the intercooler may also be left as an independent coolingsystem and the second heat exchanger used to cool other elements.

FIG. 2 is a view of the structure of a cooling system 100 of the fuelcell. This drawing shows the cathode side cooling system in the fuelcell operating system. A flow passage 80 for supply gas which enters thefuel cell stack 22 from the ACP (48) via the humidifier 54 and thenexits the fuel cell stack 22 is shown by a thin line, while the flowpassage through which coolant flows is shown by the bold line. Thecooling system 100 of the fuel cell is provided with flow passagesthrough which coolant flows, namely a main cooling flow passage 102 anda bypass cooling flow passage 104 which is arranged parallel with themain cooling flow passage 102 and diverts the same coolant. LCC (LongLife Coolant) or the like which is mainly water can be used for thecoolant.

Arranged in the main cooling flow passage 102 are a radiator 110 thathas a cooling fan, a heater 112 for heating, a three-way valve 114 forappropriately diverting the coolant to the heater 112, and a circulationpump (WP) for circulating the coolant. Coolant flowing through the maincooling flow passage 102 circulates between the radiator 110 and thefuel cell stack 22, removes heat from the warm or hot fuel cell stack22, then is cooled by the radiator 110, and returns again to the fuelcell stack 22. Also, the humidifier 54 is arranged parallel to both thefuel cell stack cathode side inlet which supplies oxidizing gas to thecathode side of the fuel cell stack 22 and the fuel cell stack cathodeside outlet through which gas is discharged, as is described above, andis also cooled by the main cooling flow passage 102.

The bypass cooling flow passage 104 is arranged parallel to the maincooling flow passage 102. Coolant in this bypass cooling flow passage104 is taken from the supply side flow passage of the main cooling flowpassage 102 through which coolant flows from the radiator 110 towardsthe fuel cell stack 22, and returned to the discharge side flow passageof the main cooling flow passage 102 through which coolant flows fromthe fuel cell stack 22 towards the radiator 110. The bypass cooling flowpassage 104 leads to a case and the like of the motor 50 of the ACP (48)via a second heat exchanger 120 which performs heat exchange with theflow passage 80 of compressed supply gas supplied from the ACP (48) tothe humidifier 54 and the fuel cell stack 22 and then returns to themain cooling flow passage 102. Accordingly, the second heat exchanger120 removes heat from the motor 50 of the ACP (48) and also regulatesthe temperature of the supply gas. This function can also be executed byan independent cooling system referred to as an intercooler, but in thestructure shown in FIG. 2, the function of the intercooler is shared bythe coolant and the cooling system that extends from the radiator 110 tothe fuel cell stack 22.

Here, the circulation pump 130 is provided in the supply side flowpassage of the main cooling flow passage 102 on the upstream side of thehumidifier and the downstream side of location where coolant enters thebypass coolant flow passage 104. As is shown in FIG. 2, the humidifier54 is arranged downstream of the circulation pump 130 and upstream ofthe fuel cell stack 22, and coolant used by the heat exchanger 120 istaken from downstream of the radiator 110 and upstream of thecirculation pump 130. That is, the coolant flows through the radiator110 and the second heat exchanger 120 upstream of the circulation pump130 and through the humidifier 54 and the fuel cell stack 22 downstreamof the circulation pump 130.

Accordingly, with this structure, (the amount of coolant flowing throughthe radiator 110)+(the amount of coolant flowing through the second heatexchanger 120)=total amount of coolant=(the amount of coolant flowingthrough the fuel cell stack 22)+(the amount of coolant flowing throughthe humidifier 54). Therefore, if (the amount of coolant flowing throughthe humidifier 54) is small, then a fairly large amount of coolant canbe supplied to the fuel cell stack 22. The ratio of the amount ofcoolant flowing through the humidifier 54 to the amount of coolantflowing through the fuel cell stack 22 can be determined by thepercentage of flow passage resistance of the two or the like. Forexample, if the ratio of (the amount of coolant flowing through thehumidifier 54):(the amount of coolant flowing through the fuel cellstack 22)=2:98, then 98% of the total coolant amount can be supplied tothe fuel cell stack 22. As a result, when the temperature of the fuelcell stack 22 becomes too high, that heat can be rapidly removed to theradiator 110 side. Also, the ratio of (the amount of coolant flowingthrough the radiator 110) to (the amount of coolant flowing through thesecond heat exchanger 120) can also be determined by the percentage offlow passage resistance of these two or the like. Alternatively, theamount of coolant flowing through these can be deter mined using acontrol valve that controls the distribution ratio and the radiator 110and the second heat exchanger 120 can be cooperatively operated.

Also the bypass cooling flow passage 104 is provided parallel with themain cooling flow passage 102 which enables the difference between thetemperature of the coolant discharged from the second heat exchanger 120and the temperature of the coolant discharged from the fuel cell stack22 to be reduced. The former defines the supply gas temperature on thesupply gas inlet side of the humidifier 54 and the latter defines thetemperature of the supply gas outlet of the humidifier 54. Therefore,the temperature difference between both gas inlet ends of the humidifier54 can be reduced so damage caused by a difference of temperaturebetween the two ends can be suppressed even if an in-air type structureis used.

In the cooling system of the fuel cell, the manner in which the coolantis distributed can be changed depending on where the bypass cooling flowpassage separates from the main cooling flow passage and the arrangementof the circulation pump 130. FIG. 3 is a view of the structure of acooling system 140 of a fuel cell which can deliver the largest amountof coolant to the radiator 110 according to a modified example of thefirst embodiment. Elements in this drawing that are the same as elementsin FIG. 2 will be denoted by like reference numerals and detaileddescriptions of those elements will be omitted:

In the cooling system 140 of the fuel cell shown in FIG. 3, thecirculation pump 130 is provided in the supply side flow passage of themain cooling flow passage 102 downstream of the radiator 110 andupstream of the location where the coolant is diverted to a bypasscooling flow passage 144. As shown in FIG. 3, the humidifier 54 isarranged downstream of the circulation pump 130 and upstream of the fuelcell stack 22, and the coolant used by the second heat exchanger 120 istaken from downstream of the radiator 110 and circulation pump 130, andupstream of the humidifier 54. That is, upstream of the circulation pump130 coolant flows only through the radiator 110, while downstream of thecirculation pump 130 coolant flows through the second heat exchanger120, the humidifier 54, and the fuel cell stack 22.

Therefore, according to this structure, (the amount of coolant flowingthrough the radiator 110)=total amount of coolant=(the amount of coolantflowing through the second heat exchanger 120)+(the amount of coolantflowing through the fuel cell stack 22)+(the amount of coolant flowingthrough the humidifier 54) so the (amount of coolant flowing through theradiator 110) can be maximized. As a result, when the temperaturedifference between the supply gas inlet side and outlet side of the fuelcell stack 22 is large, that temperature difference can be effectivelyreduced by delivering the maximum amount of coolant from the fuel cellstack 22 to the radiator 110.

FIG. 4 is a view of the structure of a coolant system 150 of a fuel cellin which the largest amount of coolant can be delivered to the fuel cellstack 22 according to another modified example of the embodiment.Elements in this drawing that are the same as elements in FIGS. 2 and 3will be denoted by like reference numerals and detailed descriptions ofthose elements will be omitted.

In the cooling system 150 of the fuel cell shown in FIG. 4, thecirculation pump 130 is provided in the supply side flow passage of themain cooling flow passage 102 downstream of the location where thecoolant is diverted to a bypass cooling flow passage 144 and thehumidifier 54, and immediately upstream of the fuel cell stack 22. Asshown in FIG. 4, the humidifier 54 is arranged upstream of thecirculation pump 130 and downstream of the radiator 110, and the coolantused by the second heat exchanger 120 is taken from downstream of theradiator 110 and upstream of the humidifier 54. That is, upstream of thecirculation pump 130 coolant flows through the radiator 110, the secondheat exchanger 120, and the humidifier 54; while downstream of thecirculation pump 130 coolant flows only through the fuel cell stack 22.

Therefore, according to this structure, (the amount of coolant flowingthrough the radiator 110)+(the amount of coolant flowing through thesecond heat exchanger 120)+(the amount of coolant flowing through thehumidifier 54)=total amount of coolant=(the amount of coolant flowingthrough the fuel cell stack 22) so the (amount of coolant flowingthrough the fuel cell stack 22) can be maximized. As a result, the heatfrom the fuel cell stack 22 can be effectively removed by delivering themaximum amount of coolant to that fuel cell stack 22.

In the cooling system of a fuel cell, the coolant can also be divertedfrom the main cooling flow passage to an air conditioning heat exchangerfor air conditioning a vehicle cabin. FIG. 5 is a view of the structureof a cooling system 160 of a fuel cell which diverts coolant to an airconditioning heat exchanger according to a second embodiment of theinvention. Elements in this drawing that are the same as elements inFIG. 2 will be denoted by like reference numerals and detaileddescriptions of those elements will be omitted.

In addition to the cooling system that includes the bypass cooling flowpassage 104 and the second heat exchanger 120 described with referenceto FIG. 2, the cooling system 160 of a fuel cell shown in FIG. 5 is alsoprovided with an air conditioning bypass cooling flow passage 164 whichdiverts coolant from the main cooling flow passage 102 to an airconditioning heat exchanger 170 for air conditioning a vehicle cabin162. In the air conditioning bypass cooling flow passage 164 areprovided a heater 166 when necessary, and a shutoff valve 168 whichcontrols (selectively allows or prevents) the diversion of coolant tothe air conditioning bypass cooling flow passage 164.

The coolant in the main cooling flow passage 102 is diverted to the airconditioning heat exchanger 170 at a location just before the coolantinlet to the fuel cell stack 22. As shown in FIG. 5, the humidifier 54is arranged downstream of the circulation pump 130 and upstream of thefuel cell stack 22, and the coolant used by the air conditioning heatexchanger 170 is taken from downstream of the humidifier 54 and upstreamof the fuel cell stack 22. Also, when the shutoff valve 168 is open,coolant that has been diverted from the main cooling flow passage 120 issupplied to the air conditioning heat exchanger 170 via the heater 166and then returned to the main cooling flow passage 102. The coolantreturn is located immediately after the coolant outlet of the fuel cellstack 22.

According to this structure, (the amount of coolant flowing through theradiator 110)+(the amount of coolant flowing through the second heatexchanger 120)=total amount of coolant=(the amount of coolant flowingthrough the humidifier 54)+(the amount of coolant flowing through thefuel cell stack 22)+(the amount of coolant flowing, through the airconditioning heat exchanger 170). Therefore, coolant can supplied to theair conditioning heat exchanger while an appropriate amount of coolantis also supplied to the fuel cell stack 22.

That is, according to this structure; coolant which has been heated byoperation of the fuel cell stack 22 and circulated while beingmaintained at an appropriate temperature by the radiator 110 can besupplied to the air conditioning heat exchanger 170 so that the vehiclecabin 162 can be heated and an appropriate air conditioned environmentachieved without having to specially provide a separate air conditioningsystem. If necessary, the heater 112 or the heater 166 may also be used.Further, when the fuel cell stack 22 is not sufficiently warmed up, coldcoolant can be prevented from being delivered to the air conditioningheat exchanger 170 by closing the shutoff valve 168.

In this way, by opening the shutoff valve 168 only when the vehiclecabin needs to be heated, the power of the circulation pump 130 can bereduced. Also, by providing the heater 166 which helps to heat thevehicle cabin in the system of the air conditioning heat exchanger 170,as shown in FIG. 5, fuel consumption can be reduced without a pressureloss in the heater 166 during the normal cooling operation of the fuelcell stack 22 in which the shutoff valve 168 is closed.

As described above, by sharing the coolant among the cooling system ofthe fuel cell stack 22 and the cabin air conditioning system andselectively opening and closing the shutoff valve 168 depending on thetemperature of the fuel cell stack 22 and the temperature in the vehiclecabin, the cooling system of the fuel cell stack 22 and the cabin airconditioning system can be combined under cooperative control. In FIG.5, the bypass cooling flow passage 104 which includes the second heatexchanger 120 is provided, and the radiator 110, the second heatexchanger 120, and the air conditioning heat exchanger 170 arecooperatively controlled. Alternatively, however, the second heatexchanger 120 may be omitted and cooperative control may be performedbetween the radiator 110 and the air conditioning heat exchanger 170.

In the cooling system that includes the air conditioning heat exchanger,the manner in which the coolant is distributed can be changed dependingon where the air conditioning bypass cooling flow passage separates fromthe main cooling flow passage and the arrangement of the circulationpump 130. FIG. 6 is a view of the structure of a cooling system 180 of afuel cell according to a modified example of the second embodiment. Inthis system, coolant in the main cooling flow passage 102 is diverted tothe air conditioning heat exchanger 170 immediately after the radiator110. Elements in this drawing that are the same as elements in FIG. 5will be denoted by like reference numerals and detailed descriptions ofthose elements will be omitted.

In the cooling system 180 of a fuel cell shown in FIG. 6, the coolant inthe main cooling flow passage is diverted to the air conditioning heatexchanger 170 immediately downstream of the radiator 110. As shown inthe drawing, the humidifier 54 is arranged downstream of the circulationpump 130 and upstream of the fuel cell stack 22, and the coolant used bythe air conditioning heat exchanger 170 is taken from downstream of theradiator 110 and upstream of the circulation pump 130. Also, when theshutoff valve 168 is open, coolant that has been diverted from the maincooling flow passage 102 is supplied to the air conditioning heatexchanger 170 via the heater 166 and then returned to the main coolingflow passage 102. The coolant return is located immediately after thecoolant outlet of the fuel cell stack 22.

According to this structure, (the amount of coolant flowing through theradiator 110)+(the amount of coolant flowing through the airconditioning heat exchanger 170)+(the amount of coolant flowing throughthe second heat exchanger 120)=total amount of coolant=(the amount ofcoolant flowing through the humidifier 54)+(the amount of coolantflowing through the fuel cell stack 22). Therefore, coolant can besupplied to other elements while a considerable amount of coolant isalso supplied to the fuel cell stack 22.

That is, according to this structure, coolant which has been heated byoperation of the fuel cell stack 22 and circulated while beingmaintained at an appropriate temperature by the radiator 110 can besupplied to the air conditioning heat exchanger 170 so that the vehiclecabin 162 can be heated and an appropriate air conditioned environmentachieved without having to specially provide a separate air conditioningsystem. If necessary, the heater 112 or the heater 166 may also be used.Further, when the fuel cell stack 22 is not sufficiently warmed up, coldcoolant can be prevented from being delivered to the air conditioningheat exchanger 170 by closing the shutoff valve 168. Because aconsiderable amount of coolant can be supplied to the fuel cell stack22, heat can be quickly removed from that fuel cell stack 22.

As described above, in the cooling system of a fuel cell stack, themanner in which the coolant is distributed can be changed depending onwhere the bypass cooling flow passage for the second heat exchanger andthe air conditioning bypass cooling flow passage for the airconditioning heat exchanger separate from the main cooling flow passage,as well as the arrangement of the circulation pump. Therefore, byswitching the location where the flow is diverted from the main coolingflow passage and the positional arrangement of the circulation pump, thecooling of the fuel cell stack, the heat exchange of the supply gas andthe ACP (48) by the second heat exchanger, and the air conditioning ofthe vehicle cabin by the air conditioning heat exchanger and the likecan be cooperatively controlled so that the appropriate amounts ofcoolant for each can be supplied according to the operating state of thefuel cell operating system 10 or the operating state of the vehicle.

For example, providing the bypass location switching means for switchingthe location in the main cooling flow passage of the inlet and outlet ofthe bypass flow passage which diverts coolant from the main cooling flowpassage to the second heat exchanger enables a coolant amountappropriate for the operating state of the fuel cell stack to beprovided to the fuel cell stack by switching the bypass locationdepending on the operating state of the fuel cell stack.

Also, providing the bypass location switching means for switching thelocation in the main cooling flow passage of the inlet and outlet of thebypass flow passage which diverts coolant from the main cooling flowpassage to the air conditioning heat exchanger enables a coolant amountappropriate for the vehicle cabin temperature to be supplied to the airconditioning heat exchanger by switching the bypass location dependingon the cabin temperature and the like.

FIG. 7 is a view of the structure of a cooling system 200 of a fuel cellaccording to a modified example of the second embodiment. Here, thestructure of the air conditioning bypass cooling flow passage has beendevised such that the coolant flowing to the air conditioning heat,exchanger 170 can either be cooperatively shared with the main coolingflow passage 102 or used only for the air conditioning heat exchanger170. Elements in this drawing that are the same as elements in FIG. 5and the like will be denoted by like reference numerals and detaileddescriptions of those, elements will be omitted.

In the cooling system 200 of a fuel cell shown in FIG. 7, an airconditioning bypass cooling flow passage 202 includes three elements.That is, the entire air conditioning bypass cooling flow passage 202 ismade up of an input/output flow passage 204 through which coolant istaken from and returned to the main cooling flow passage 102, an airconditioning bypass flow passage 206 through which coolant that flowsthrough the air conditioning heat exchanger 170 flows, and a circulationflow passage 208 which is arranged parallel to the air conditioningbypass flow passage 206.

As shown in FIG. 7, three-way valves 210 and 212 are provided at theconnecting points of the three flow passages, i.e., the input/outputflow passage 204, the air conditioning bypass flow passage 206, and thecirculation flow passage 208. Thus, the connections between theinput/output flow passage 204, the air conditioning bypass flow passage206, and the circulation flow passage 208 can be switched by the twothree-way valves 210 and 212. In this sense, the two three-way valves210 and 212 are switching means for switching the connection between theair conditioning bypass flow passage 206 and the input/output flowpassage 204 which is connected to the main cooling flow passage 102, andthe connection between the air conditioning bypass flow passage 206 andthe circulation flow passage 208. Several switching modes will bedescribed later.

A pump for circulating coolant other than the circulation pump 130provided in the main cooling flow passage 102 is provided in the airconditioning bypass flow passage 206. In order to distinguish this pumpfrom the circulation pump 130, it will be referred to as the secondcirculation pump 220. In the air conditioning bypass.

flow passage 206, this second circulation pump 220, a heater 222, andthe air conditioning heat exchanger 170 are arranged in series. In FIG.7, the elements are arranged in the following order: the three-way valve210, the second circulation pump 220, the heater 222, the airconditioning heat exchanger 170, and the three-way valve 212.Alternatively, however, the various elements may be arranged between thethree-way valves 210 and, 212 in another order, and depending on thecase, further include a switching valve or the like and be arranged inparallel.

The second circulation pump 220 is a coolant circulation pump that issmaller than the circulation pump 130 in the main cooling flow passage102. The circulation pump 130 in the main cooling flow passage 102 has acapacity that allows it to operate sufficiently even with a large flowrate so that coolant can be circulated through the coolant flow passagethat includes the radiator 110, the humidifier 54, and the fuel cellstack 22, quickly perform heat exchange, and be maintained at anappropriate temperature. In contrast, the second circulation pump 220 isdesigned to circulate coolant mainly through the air conditioning heatexchanger 170, and therefore can be a small capacity pump. Because thissecond circulation pump 220 is small, the operating efficiency with alow flow rate is better than that of the circulation pump 130 in themain cooling flow passage 102. Also, the second circulation pump 220 ispreferably such that coolant is able to pass through it even when it isnot being operated. This enables a decrease in the coolant flowefficiency to be prevented even when the second circulation pump 220 isnot being operated.

The input/output flow passage 204 is a coolant flow passage that extendsfrom the main cooling flow passage 102 to the three-way valves 210 and212, so in this sense it can be considered a branch flow passage of partof the main cooling flow passage 102. The circulation flow passage 208forms a looped flow passage because it is connected in parallel with theair conditioning bypass flow passage 206.

Next, the switching of the cooling flow passages by the three-way valves210 and 212 will be described. The switching operation of the three-wayvalves 210 and 212 is performed by a cooling control portion, not shown,according to the operating state of the fuel cell stack 22. The coolingcontrol portion may also be combined with the control portion 70 of thefuel cell, operating system 10 shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 8 is a view showingthe air conditioning bypass flow passage 206 connected to thecirculation flow passage 208 in a closed loop which is achieved byswitching the three-way valves 210 and 212. At this time, theinput/output flow passage 204 is closed off from this closed loop flowpassage. To make this flow passage easier to see, the three-way valves210 and 212 have been omitted in FIG. 8. More specifically, this closedloop flow passage is formed by operating the three-way valve 210 so thatit connects one side of the air conditioning bypass flow passage 206with one side of the circulation flow passage 208, and operating thethree-way valve 212 so that it connects the other side of the airconditioning bypass flow passage 206 with the other side of thecirculation flow passage 208.

Forming this kind of closed loop flow passage enables coolant to becirculated through the closed loop flow passage by the secondcirculation pump 220, independently from the main cooling flow passage102. That is, coolant can be circulated between the heater 222 and theair conditioning heat exchanger 170. This connecting state is preferablyused when the fuel cell stack 22 is still operating at a lowtemperature. As a result, cold coolant that has not yet been heatedsufficiently by the fuel cell stack 22 can be prevented from beingdelivered to the air conditioning heat exchanger 170. Also, operatingthe heater 222 and the second circulation pump 220 enables coolant inthe closed loop flow passage to be sufficiently heated and supplied tothe air conditioning heat exchanger 170, which enables the vehicle cabin162 to be heated both efficiently and quickly.

FIG. 9 is view showing a state in which the three-way valves 210 and 212have been switched to cut off the circulation flow passage 208 andconnect the input/output flow passage 204 and the air conditioningbypass flow passage 206 together. Here as well, just as in FIG. 8, thethree-way valves 210 and 212 have been omitted to make the flow passageeasier to see. More specifically, the three-way valve 210 is operated sothat it connects one side of the input/output flow passage 204 which isconnected to the coolant inlet in the main cooling flow passage 102 withone side of the air conditioning bypass flow passage 206, and thethree-way valve 212 is operated so that it connects the other side ofthe air conditioning bypass flow passage 206 with the other side of theinput/output flow passage 204 which is connected to the coolant returnin the main cooling flow passage 102. As a result, the circulation flowpassage 208 is cut off while the input/output flow passage 204 and theair conditioning bypass flow passage 206 are directly connected togetherso the air conditioning bypass flow passage 206 can be arranged parallelto the main cooling flow passage 102 running through the fuel cell stack22.

This connection is basically the same as the structure shown in FIG. 5.That is, the air conditioning bypass cooling flow passage 202 shares thecoolant with the main cooling flow passage 102 and so-called cooperativecontrol is performed. Therefore, the three-way valves 210 and 212 switchconnection of the air conditioning bypass flow passage 206 between acooperative control connection with the main cooling flow passage 102and an independent control connection. When the air conditioning bypassflow passage 206 is connected via the cooperative control connection,the second circulation pump 220 is stopped. As described above, however,even when operation of the second circulation pump is stopped, coolantcan still pass freely through the second circulation pump 220 so thecoolant flow efficiency of the air conditioning bypass flow passage 206does not decrease.

Cooperative control is performed when coolant which has been heated byoperation of the fuel cell stack 22 and maintained at an appropriatetemperature by the radiator 110 is circulated, as described withreference to FIG. 5. Therefore, the connection is switched between theclosed loop flow passage connection shown in FIG. 8 and the cooperativecontrol connection (the direct connection shown in FIG. 9) depending onthe operating state of the fuel cell stack 22. For example, when thefuel cell stack 22 is not yet warmed up, the closed loop flow passageconnection shown in FIG. 8 is employed and the heater 222 and the secondcirculation pump 220 are operated to increase the temperature of thecoolant supplied to the air conditioning heat exchanger 170. When thefuel cell stack 22 warms up and the temperature of the coolant in themain cooling, flow passage 102 rises, the connection switches to thedirect connection shown in FIG. 9 and the heater 222 stops operating. Asa result, the power required to heat the vehicle, cabin 162 can bereduced, thereby improving fuel consumption:

The connection may switch between the closed loop flow passageconnection shown in FIG. 8 and the direct connection shown in FIG. 9when the temperature of the coolant in the fuel cell stack 22, i.e., thecoolant temperature, reaches a predetermined target coolant temperature.Alternatively, in order to further improve fuel consumption, the switchmay be made even earlier, such as when heat exchange is able to beperformed and the coolant temperature reaches 50 degrees Celsius whichis near the target coolant temperature.

FIG. 10 is a view showing a case in which the second circulation pump220 is operated and the circulation pump 130 of the main cooling flowpassage 102 is stopped when the connection shown in FIG. 9 isestablished, i.e., when the air conditioning bypass flow passage 206 andthe main cooling flow passage 102 are directly connected. Operation ofthe circulation pump 130 of the main cooling flow passage 102 and thesecond circulation pump 220 is switched by a cooling control portion,not shown, according to the operating state of the fuel cell stack 22.When the circulation pump 130 of the main cooling flow passage 102 isnot being operated, coolant does not circulate through the main coolingflow passage 102. Under these conditions, when the second circulationpump 220 is operated while the connection shown in FIG. 9 isestablished, coolant is circulated through a closed loop, flowing fromthe second circulation pump 220 to the heater 222, to the airconditioning heat exchanger 170, to the fuel cell stack 22, and thenback again to the second circulation pump 220.

The operating state described above with reference to FIG. 10 may beused when the fuel cell stack 22 is operating under a low load such aswhen the fuel cell stack 22 is idling or operating intermittently.Because not much heat is generated when the fuel cell stack 22 isoperating under a low load, cooling by the radiator 110 is often notnecessary. Therefore, the circulation pump 130 of the main cooling flowpassage 102 is stopped and coolant is instead circulated by the smallersecond circulation pump 220. When the flow rate is low, the secondcirculation pump 220 operates at better efficiency than does the largecapacity circulation pump 130. That is, the smaller second circulationpump 220 is able to efficiently circulate coolant with less power thanthe large capacity circulation pump 130, which enables the fuelconsumption to be improved when the fuel cell stack 22 is operatingunder a low load. When the fuel cell stack 22 is operating under amedium or high load, the second circulation pump 220 is stopped and thecoolant is circulated by operating only the circulation pump 130 of themain cooling flow passage 102, as described with reference to FIG. 9.Accordingly, the power required to drive the second circulation pump 220can be reduced, which in turn enables fuel consumption at medium andhigh loads to be improved.

Further, when a user turns the air conditioning in the vehicle cabin 162off after the coolant was heated using the closed loop flow passageconnection shown in FIG. 8 and the vehicle cabin 162 warmed by the airconditioning heat exchanger 170, the connection switches to the directconnection shown in FIG. 9 or 10 while the heater 222 continues tooperate. When the air conditioner is turned off, a fan and the likewhich blows warm air from the air conditioning heat exchanger 170 intothe vehicle cabin 162 also turns off. Because the heater 222 is stilloperating, however, heated coolant can be supplied to the fuel cellstack 22, thus enabling the fuel cell stack 22 to warm up quickly.

In FIGS. 5 to 10, the coolant flow passage that includes the airconditioning heat exchanger 170 is preferably insulated by appropriateheat insulating means. For example, a coolant flow passage pipe can becovered with an appropriate heat insulating material. As a result, heatexchange in the air conditioning heat exchanger 170 can be performedefficiently when the fuel cell operating system is started up so thevehicle cabin 162 can be warmed up quickly. Thus, the vehicle cabin 162can be warmed up quickly using little power and the like, therebyimproving fuel consumption.

The structure described above is one in which the main cooling flowpassage 102 passes through the humidifier 54. However, the structure mayalso be such that the main cooling flow passage 102 does not passthrough the humidifier 54. Also, the coolant inlet and coolant returnfor the second heat exchanger 120 in the main cooling flow passage 102may be reversed from the structure described above such that coolantflows from the motor 50 toward the second heat exchanger 120. Also thecoolant inlet and coolant, return for the air conditioning heatexchanger 170 in the main cooling flow passage 102 may also be reversedfrom the structure described above. Such a structure will now bedescribed. Hereinafter, elements that are the same as those in FIGS. 1to 10 will be denoted by like reference numerals and detaileddescriptions of those elements will be omitted.

FIG. 11 is a view of the structure of a cooling system 300 of a fuelcell. This coolant system 300 of a fuel cell differs from the coolantsystem 100 of a fuel cell described with reference to FIG. 2 in that themain cooling flow passage 102 does not pass through the humidifier 54and the coolant inlet and coolant return for the second heat exchanger120 in the main cooling flow passage 102 are reversed. Here, in the sameway as described with reference to FIG. 2, the cooling system 300 of afuel cell is provided with flow passages through which coolant flows,namely the main cooling flow passage 102 and a bypass cooling flowpassage 104 which is arranged in parallel with this main cooling flowpassage 102 and diverts the same coolant.

Arranged in the main cooling flow passage 102 are the radiator 110 thathas the cooling fan, the heater 112 for heating, the three-way valve 114for appropriately diverting the coolant to the heater 112, and thecirculation pump (WP) 130 for circulating the coolant. Coolant flowingthrough the main cooling flow passage 102 circulates between theradiator 110 and the fuel cell stack 22, removing heat from the warm orhot fuel cell stack 22, then being cooled by the radiator 110, andreturning again to the fuel cell stack 22. Also, the humidifier 54 isarranged parallel to both the gas inlet which supplies oxidizing gas tothe cathode side of the fuel cell stack 22 and the gas outlet throughwhich gas is discharged, as is described above. The main cooling flowpassage 102 does not pass through the humidifier 54, however, so thehumidifier 54 is not cooled by the coolant from the main cooling flowpassage 102.

An ion exchanger 132 in FIG. 11 is an apparatus that functions to removeions in the coolant that serves as the cooling medium. That is, ionsfrom elements that make up the coolant circulation passage dissolve inthe coolant. The ion exchanger 132 removes these ions, thereby keepingthe resistance of the coolant that serves as the cooling medium high.The ion exchanger 132 is arranged in parallel with the main cooling flowpassage 102, as shown in FIG. 11, but it may also be arranged in serieswith the main cooling flow passage 102 depending on the situation. Also,ion detecting means for detecting the ion content in the coolant mayalso be provided in the ion exchanger 132.

The bypass cooling flow passage 104 is arranged in parallel with thismain cooling flow passage 102. Coolant is taken into this bypass coolingflow passage 104 from the discharge side flow passage of the maincooling flow passage 102 through which coolant returns from the fuelcell stack 22 to the radiator 110, and is returned to the supply sideflow passage of the main cooling flow passage 102 through which coolantflows from the radiator 110 towards the fuel cell stack 22. The bypasscooling flow passage 104 leads to the second heat exchanger 120 of theACP 48, where heat exchange is performed with the flow passage 80 forcompressed supply gas supplied from the ACP 48 to the fuel cell stack 22via the humidifier 54, after which the coolant is returned to the maincooling flow passage 102. Accordingly, the second heat exchanger 120regulates the temperature of the supply gas. This function isconventionally performed by an independent cooling system referred to asan intercooler, but in the structure shown in FIG. 11, similar to FIG.2, the function of the conventional intercooler is shared by the coolantand the cooling system that extends from the radiator 110 to the fuelcell stack 22.

Here, the circulation pump 130 is provided in the supply side flowpassage of the main cooling flow passage 102 on the downstream side oflocation where coolant returns from the bypass coolant flow passage 104to the main cooling flow passage 102. As is shown in FIG. 11, thecoolant that flows through the second heat exchanger 120 is taken fromupstream of the radiator 110 and downstream of the fuel cell stack 22.That is the coolant flows through the radiator 110 and the second heatexchanger 120 upstream of the circulation pump 130 and through the fuelcell stack 22 downstream of the circulation pump 130.

Accordingly, with this, structure, (the amount of coolant flowingthrough the radiator 110)+(the amount of coolant flowing through thesecond heat exchanger 120)=total amount of coolant=(the amount ofcoolant flowing through the fuel cell stack 22). Therefore, a fairlylarge amount of coolant can be supplied to the fuel cell stack 22. As aresult, when the temperature of the fuel cell stack 22 is too high, thatheat can be quickly removed to the radiator 110 side. Also, the ratio of(the amount of coolant flowing through the radiator 110) to (the amountof coolant flowing through the second heat exchanger 120) can bedetermined by the percentage of flow passage resistance of the two orthe like. Alternatively, the amount of coolant flowing through these canbe determined using a control valve that controls the distribution ratioand the radiator 110 and the second heat exchanger 120 can becooperatively operated.

Also, the bypass cooling flow passage 104 is provided parallel with themain cooling flow passage 102 which enables the difference between thetemperature of the coolant discharged from the second heat exchanger 120and the temperature of the coolant discharged from the fuel cell stack22 to be reduced. The former is defined by the supply gas temperature onthe supply gas inlet side of the humidifier 54 and the latter is definedby the gas temperature at the supply gas outlet side of the humidifier54. Therefore, the temperature difference between both gas inlet ends ofthe humidifier 54 can be reduced so damage caused by a pressuredifference between the two ends can be suppressed even if an in-air typestructure is used.

In the cooling system of the fuel cell, the manner in which the coolantis distributed can be changed depending on where the bypass cooling flowpassage separates from the main cooling flow passage and the arrangementof the circulation pump 130. FIG. 12 is a view of the structure of acooling system 340 of a fuel cell which can deliver the largest amountof coolant to the radiator 110.

In the cooling system 340 of the fuel cell shown in FIG. 12, thecirculation pump 130 is provided in the supply side flow passage of themain cooling flow passage 102 downstream of the radiator 110 andupstream of the location where the coolant is returned to the maincooling flow passage 102 from the bypass cooling flow passage 144. Asshown in FIG. 12, the coolant used in the second heat exchanger 120 istaken from upstream of the radiator 110, and downstream of the fuel cellstack 22. That is, upstream of the circulation pump 130 coolant flowsonly through the radiator 110, while downstream of the circulation pump130 coolant flows through the second heat exchanger 120 and the fuelcell stack 22.

Therefore, according to this structure, (the amount of coolant flowingthrough the radiator 110)=total amount of coolant=(the amount of coolantflowing through the second heat exchanger 120)+(the amount of coolantflowing through the fuel cell stack 22) so the (amount of coolantflowing through the radiator 110) can be maximized. As a result, whenthe temperature difference between the supply gas inlet side and outletside of the fuel cell stack 22 is large, for example, that temperaturedifference can be effectively reduced by delivering the maximum amountof coolant from the fuel cell stack 22 to the radiator 110.

FIG. 13 is a view showing the structure of the cooling system 350 of afuel cell which can deliver the largest amount of coolant to the fuelcell stack 22.

In the cooling system 350 of the fuel cell shown in FIG. 13, thecirculation pump 130 is provided in the supply side flow passage of themain cooling flow passage 102 downstream of the location where thecoolant returns from a bypass cooling flow passage 154 and immediatelyupstream of the fuel cell stack 22. As shown in FIG. 13, the coolantused in the second heat exchanger 120 is taken from upstream of theradiator 110 and downstream of the fuel cell stack 22. That is, upstreamof the circulation pump 130 coolant flows through the radiator 110 andthe second heat exchanger 120, while downstream of the circulation pump130 coolant flows only through the fuel cell stack 22.

Therefore, according to this structure, (the amount of coolant flowingthrough the radiator 110)+(the amount of coolant flouting through thesecond heat exchanger 120)=total amount of coolant=(the amount ofcoolant flowing through the fuel, cell stack 22) so the (amount ofcoolant flowing through the fuel cell stack 22) can be maximized. As aresult, heat from the fuel cell stack 22 can be efficiently removed bydelivering the maximum amount of coolant to the fuel cell stack 22.

In the cooling system of a fuel cell, the coolant can also be divertedfrom the main cooling flow passage to the air conditioning heatexchanger for air conditioning the vehicle cabin. FIG. 14 is a view ofthe structure of a cooling system 360 of a fuel cell which divertscoolant to the air conditioning heat exchanger.

In addition to the cooling system that includes the bypass cooling flowpassage 104 and the second heat exchanger 120 described with referenceto FIG. 11, the cooling system 360 of a fuel cell shown in FIG. 14 isalso provided with the air conditioning bypass cooling flow passage 164which diverts coolant from the main cooling flow passage 102 to the airconditioning heat exchanger 170 for air conditioning the vehicle cabin162. In the air conditioning bypass cooling flow passage 164 areprovided the heater 166 when necessary, and the shutoff valve 168 whichcontrols (selectively allows or prevents) the diversion of coolant tothe air conditioning bypass cooling flow passage 164.

The coolant in the main cooling flow passage 102 is diverted to the airconditioning heat exchanger 170 at a location just before the coolantinlet to the fuel cell stack 22. As shown in FIG. 14, the coolant usedin the air conditioning heat exchanger 170 is taken from upstream of thefuel cell stack 22. Also, when the shutoff valve 168 is open, coolantthat has been diverted from the main cooling flow passage 102 issupplied to the air conditioning heat exchanger 170 via the heater 166and then returned to the main cooling flow passage 102. The coolantreturn is located immediately after the coolant outlet of the fuel cellstack 22.

According to this structure, (the amount of coolant flowing through theradiator 110)+(the amount of coolant flowing through the second heatexchanger 120)=total amount of coolant=(the amount of coolant flowingthrough the fuel cell stack 22)+(the amount of coolant flowing throughthe air conditioning heat exchanger 170). Therefore, coolant can besupplied to the air conditioning heat exchanger while an appropriateamount of coolant is also supplied to the fuel cell stack 22.

That is, according to this structure, coolant which has been heated byoperation of the fuel cell stack 22 and circulated while beingmaintained at an appropriate temperature by the radiator 110 can besupplied to the air conditioning heat exchanger 170 so that the vehiclecabin 162 can be heated and an appropriate air conditioned environmentachieved without having to specially provide separate air conditioningsystem. If necessary, the heater 112 or the heater 166 may also be used.Further, when the fuel cell stack 22 is not sufficiently warmed up, coldcoolant can be prevented from being delivered to the air conditioningheat exchanger 170 by closing the shutoff valve 168.

In this way, by opening the shutoff valve 168 only when the vehiclecabin needs to be heated, the power of the circulation pump 130 can bereduced. Also, by providing the heater 166 which helps to heat thevehicle cabin in the system of the air conditioning heat exchanger 170,as shown in FIG. 14, fuel consumption can be reduced without a pressureloss in the heater 166 during the normal cooling operation of the fuelcell stack 22 in which the shutoff valve 168 is closed.

As described above, by sharing the coolant among the cooling system ofthe fuel cell stack 22 and the cabin air conditioning system and byselectively opening and closing the shutoff valve 168 depending on thetemperature of the fuel cell stack 22 and the temperature in the vehiclecabin, the cooling system of the fuel cell stack 22 and the cabin airconditioning system can be combined under cooperative control. In FIG.14, the bypass cooling flow passage 104 which includes the second heatexchanger 120 is provided, and the radiator 110, the second heatexchanger 120, and the air conditioning heat exchanger 170 arecooperatively controlled. Alternatively, however, the second heatexchanger 120 may be omitted and cooperative control may be performedbetween the radiator 110 and the air conditioning heat exchanger 170.

In the cooling system that includes the air conditioning heat exchanger,the manner in which the coolant is distributed can be changed dependingon where the air conditioning bypass cooling flow passage separates fromthe main cooling flow passage and the arrangement of the circulationpump 130. FIG. 15 is a view of the structure of a cooling system 380 ofa fuel cell according to a twelfth example embodiment of the invention.In this system, coolant returns to the main cooling flow passage 102from the air conditioning heat exchanger 170 immediately after theradiator 110.

In the cooling system 380 of a fuel cell shown in FIG. 15, the coolantin the main cooling flow passage 102 is diverted to the air conditioningheat exchanger 170 downstream of the fuel cell stack 22 and upstream ofthe radiator 110. As shown in FIG. 15, the coolant used in the airconditioning heat exchanger 170 is taken from immediately downstream ofthe coolant outlet of the fuel cell stack 22 and upstream of theradiator 110. Also, when the shutoff valve 168 is open, coolant that hasbeen diverted from the main cooling flow passage 102 is supplied to theair conditioning heat exchanger 170 and the heater 166 and then returnedto the main cooling flow passage 102. The coolant return is locateddownstream of the radiator 110 and upstream of the circulation pump 130.

According to this structure, (the amount of coolant flowing through theradiator 110)+(the amount of coolant flowing through the airconditioning heat exchanger 170)+(the amount of coolant flowing throughthe second heat exchanger 120)=total amount of coolant=(the amount ofcoolant flowing through the fuel cell stack 22). Therefore, coolant canbe supplied to other elements while a considerable amount of coolant isalso supplied to the fuel cell stack 22.

That is, according to this structure, coolant which has been heated byoperation of the fuel cell stack 22 and circulated while beingmaintained at an appropriate temperature by the radiator 110 can besupplied to the air conditioning heat exchanger 170 so that the vehiclecabin 162 can be heated and an appropriate air conditioned environmentachieved without having to specially provide a separate air conditioningsystem. If necessary, the heater 166 may also be used. Further, when thefuel cell stack 22 is not sufficiently warmed up, cold coolant can beprevented from being delivered to the air conditioning heat exchanger170 by closing the shutoff valve 168. Because a considerable amount ofcoolant can be supplied to the fuel cell stack 22, heat can be quicklyremoved from that fuel cell stack 22.

As described above, even in the cooling system of a fuel cell stack inwhich coolant does not flow from the main cooling flow passage throughthe humidifier 54, the manner in which the coolant is distributed can bechanged depending on where the bypass cooling flow passages for thesecond heat exchanger and the air conditioning bypass cooling flowpassage for the air conditioning heat exchanger separate from the maincooling flow passage, as well as the arrangement of the circulationpump. Therefore, by switching the location where the flow is divertedfrom the main cooling flow passage and the positional arrangement of thecirculation pump, the cooling of the fuel cell stack, the heat exchangeof the supply gas and the ACP 48 by the second heat exchanger, and theair conditioning of the vehicle cabin by the air conditioning heatexchanger and the like can be cooperatively controlled so that theappropriate amounts of coolant for each can be supplied according to theoperating state of the fuel cell operating system 10 or the operatingstate of the vehicle.

For example, providing the bypass location switching means for switchingthe location in the main cooling flow passage of the inlet and outlet ofthe bypass flow passage which diverts coolant from the main cooling flowpassage to the second heat exchanger enables a coolant amountappropriate for the operating state of the fuel cell stack to beprovided to the fuel cell stack by switching the bypass locationdepending on the operating state of the fuel cell stack.

Also, providing the bypass location switching means for switching thelocation in the main cooling flow passage of the inlet and outlet of thebypass flow passage which diverts coolant from the main cooling flowpassage to the air conditioning heat exchanger enables a coolant amountappropriate for the vehicle cabin temperature to be supplied to the airconditioning heat exchanger by switching the bypass location dependingon the cabin temperature and the like.

FIG. 16 is a view of the structure of a cooling system 400 of a fuelcell according to a fourteenth example embodiment of the invention.Here, the structure of the air conditioning bypass cooling flow passagehas been devised such that the coolant flowing to the air conditioningheat exchanger 170 can either be cooperatively shared with the maincooling flow passage 102 or used only for the air conditioning heatexchanger 170.

In the cooling system 400 of the fuel cell shown in FIG. 16, the airconditioning bypass cooling flow passage 202 includes three elements.That is, the entire air conditioning bypass cooling flow passage 202 ismade up of the input/output flow passage 204 through which coolant istaken from and returned to the main cooling flow passage 102, the airconditioning bypass flow passage 206 through which coolant that flowsthrough the air conditioning heat exchanger 170 flows, and thecirculation flow passage 208 which is arranged parallel to the airconditioning bypass flow passage 206.

As shown in FIG. 16, a three-way valve 212 is provided at the connectingpoint of the three flow passages, i.e., the input/output flow passage204, the air conditioning bypass flow passage 206, and the circulationflow passage 208. Thus, the connection between the input/output flowpassage 204, the air conditioning bypass flow passage 206, and thecirculation flow passage 208 can be switched by the three-way valve 212.In this sense, the two three-way valve 212 serves as means for switchingthe connection between the air conditioning bypass flow passage 206 andthe input/output flow passage 204 which is connected to the main coolingflow passage 102, and the connection between the air conditioning bypassflow passage 206 and the circulation flow passage 208. Several switchingmodes will be described later.

A pump for circulating coolant other than the circulation pump 130provided in the main cooling flow passage 102 is provided in the airconditioning bypass flow passage 206. In order to distinguish this pumpfrom the circulation pump 130, it will be referred to as the secondcirculation pump 220. In the air conditioning bypass flow passage 206,this second circulation pump 220, the heater 222, and the airconditioning heat exchanger 170 are arranged in series. In FIG. 16, theelements are arranged in the following order: the three-way valve 212,the second circulation pump 220, the heater 222, and the airconditioning heat exchanger 170. Alternatively, however, the variouselements may be arranged between an inlet and an outlet of the three-wayvalve 212 in another order, and depending on the case, further include aswitching valve or the like and be arranged in parallel.

The second circulation pump 220 is a coolant circulation pump that issmaller than the circulation pump 130 in the main cooling flow passage101. The circulation pump 130 in the main cooling flow passage 102 has acapacity that allows it to operate sufficiently even with a largeflowrate so that coolant can be circulated through the coolant flowpassage that includes the radiator 110, the humidifier 54, and the fuelcell stack 22, quickly perform heat exchange, and be maintained at anappropriate temperature. In contrast, the second circulation pump 220 isdesigned to circulate coolant mainly through the air conditioning heatexchanger 170, and therefore can be a small capacity pump. Because thissecond circulation pump 220 is small, the operating efficiency with alow flowrate is better than that of the circulation pump 130 in the maincooling flow passage 102. Also, the second circulation pump 220 ispreferably such that coolant is able to pass through it even when it isnot being operated. This enables a decrease in the coolant flowefficiency to be prevented even when the second circulation pump 220 isnot being operated.

The input/output flow passage 204 is a coolant flow passage that extendsfrom the main cooling flow passage 102 to the three-way valve 212, so inthis sense it can be considered a branch flow passage of part of themain cooling flow passage 102. The circulation flow passage 208 forms alooped flow passage because it is connected in parallel with the airconditioning bypass flow passage 206.

Next, the switching of the cooling flow passages by the three-way valve212 will be described. The switching operation of the three-way valve212 is performed by a cooling control portion, not shown, according tothe operating state of the fuel cell stack 22. The cooling controlportion may also be combined with the control portion 70 of the fuelcell operating system 10. FIG. 17 is a view showing the air conditioningbypass flow passage 206 connected to the circulation flow passage 208 ina closed loop which is achieved by switching the three-way valve 212. Atthis time, the input/output flow passage 204 is closed off from thisclosed loop flow passage. To make this flow passage easier to see, thethree-way valve 212 is indicated by a broken line in FIG. 17. Morespecifically, this closed loop flow passage is formed by operating thethree-way valve 212 so that it connects one side of the air conditioningbypass flow passage 206 with one side of the circulation flow passage208.

Forming this kind of closed loop flow passage enables coolant to becirculated through the closed loop flow passage by the secondcirculation pump 220, independently from the main cooling flow passage102. That is, coolant can be circulated between the heater 222 and theair conditioning heat exchanger 170. This connecting state is preferablyused when the fuel cell stack 22 is still operating at a lowtemperature. As a result, cold coolant that has not yet been heatedsufficiently by the fuel cell stack 22 can be prevented from beingdelivered to the air conditioning heat exchanger 170. Also, operatingthe heater 222 and the second circulation pump 220 enables coolant inthe closed loop flow passage to be sufficiently heated and supplied tothe air conditioning heat exchanger 170, which enables the vehicle cabin162 to be heated both efficiently and quickly.

FIG. 18 is view showing a state in which the three-way valve 212 hasbeen switched to cut off the circulation flow passage 208 and connectthe input/output flow passage 204 and the air conditioning bypass flowpassage 206 together. Here as well, just as in FIG. 17, the three-wayvalve 212 is indicated by a broken line to make the flow passage easierto see. More specifically, the three-way valve 212 is operated so thatit connects one side of the air conditioning bypass flow passage 206with one side of the input/output flow passage 204 which is connected tothe coolant inlet from the main cooling flow passage 102. As a result,the circulation flow passage 208 is cut off while the input/output flowpassage 204 and the air conditioning bypass flow passage 206 aredirectly connected together so the air conditioning bypass flow passage206 can be arranged parallel to the main cooling flow passage 102running through the fuel cell stack 22.

This connection is basically the same as the structures shown in FIGS. 6and 15. That is, the air conditioning bypass cooling flow passage 202shares the coolant with the main cooling flow passage 102 and so-calledcooperative control is performed. Therefore, the three-way valve 212switches the connection of the air conditioning bypass flow passage 206between a cooperative control connection with the main cooling flowpassage 102 and an independent control connection. When the airconditioning bypass flow passage 206 is connected via the cooperativecontrol connection, the second circulation pump 220 is stopped. Asdescribed above, however, even when operation of the second circulationpump is stopped, coolant can still pass freely through the secondcirculation pump 220 so the coolant flow efficiency of the airconditioning bypass flow passage 206 does not decrease.

Cooperative control is performed when coolant which has been heated byoperation of the fuel cell stack 22 and maintained at an appropriatetemperature by the radiator 110 is circulated, as was described withreference to FIGS. 6 and 15. Therefore, the connection is switchedbetween the closed loop flow passage connection shown in FIG. 17 and thecooperative control connection depending on the operating state of thefuel cell stack 22. For example, when the fuel cell stack 22 is not yetwarmed up, the closed loop flow passage connection shown in FIG. 17 isemployed and the heater 222 and the second circulation pump 220 areoperated to increase the temperature of the coolant supplied to the airconditioning heat exchanger 170. When the fuel cell stack 22 warms upand the temperature of the coolant in the main cooling flow passage 102rises, the connection switches to the direct connection shown in FIG. 18and the heater 222 stops operating. As a result, the power required toheat the vehicle cabin 162 can be reduced, thereby improving fuelconsumption.

The connection may switch between the closed loop flow passageconnection shown in FIG. 17 and the direction connection shown in FIG.18 when the temperature of the coolant in the fuel cell stack 22, i.e.,the coolant temperature, reaches a predetermined target coolanttemperature, for example. Alternatively, in order to further improvefuel consumption, the switch may be made even earlier, such as when thecoolant temperature and reaches 50 degrees Celsius at which heatexchange is able to be performed and which is near the target coolanttemperature.

FIG. 19 shows a modified example of the connection shown in FIG. 18.Here, coolant flowing through the air conditioning bypass flow passage206 returns to the main cooling flow passage 102 upstream of the fuelcell stack 22. Also, the three-way valve 212 is operated to connect theone side of the input/output flow passage 204 which is connected to theside where coolant is taken from the main cooling flow passage 102, andone side of the air conditioning bypass flow passage 206. As a result,the circulation flow passage 208 is cut off and the input/output flowpassage 204 is directly connected with the air conditioning bypass flowpassage 206, at which point the second circulation pump 220 is operatedand the circulation pump 130 of the main cooling flow passage 102 isstopped. Operation of the circulation pump 130 of the main cooling flowpassage 102 and the second circulation pump 220 is switched by a coolingcontrol portion, not shown, according to the operating state of the fuelcell stack 22.

When the circulation pump 130 of the main cooling flow passage 102 isnot being operated, coolant does not circulate through the main coolingflow passage 102. Under these conditions, when the second circulationpump 220 is operated while the connection shown in FIG. 19 isestablished, coolant is circulated through a closed loop, flowing fromthe second circulation pump 220 to the heater 222, to the airconditioning heat exchanger 170, to the fuel cell stack 22, and thenback again to the second circulation pump 220.

The operating state described above with reference to FIG. 19 may beused when the fuel cell stack 22 is operating under a low load such aswhen the fuel cell stack 22 is idling or operating intermittently.Because not much heat is generated when the fuel cell stack 22 isoperating under a low load, cooling by the radiator 110 is often notnecessary. Therefore, the circulation pump 130 of the main cooling flowpassage 102 is stopped and coolant is instead circulated by the smallersecond circulation pump 220. When the flowrate is low, the secondcirculation pump 220 operates at better efficiency than does the largecapacity circulation pump 130. That is, the smaller second circulationpump 220 is able to, efficiently circulate coolant with less power thanthe large capacity circulation pump 130, which enables the fuelconsumption to be improved when the fuel cell stack 22 is operatingunder a low load. When the fuel cell stack 22 is operating under amedium or high load, the second, circulation pump 220 is stopped and thecoolant is circulated by operating only the circulation pump 130 of themain cooling flow passage 102, as described with reference to FIG. 9.Accordingly, the power required to drive the second circulation pump 220can be reduced, which in turn enables fuel consumption at medium andhigh loads to be improved.

Further, when a user turns the air conditioning in the vehicle cabin 162off after the coolant was heated using the closed loop flow passageconnection shown in FIG. 17 and the vehicle cabin 162 warmed by the airconditioning heat exchanger 170, the connection switches to the directconnection shown in FIG. 18 or 19 while the heater 222 continues tooperate. When the air conditioner is turned off, the fan and the likewhich blows warm air from the air conditioning heat exchanger 170 intothe vehicle cabin 162 also turns off. Because the heater 222 is stilloperating, however, heated coolant can be supplied to the fuel cellstack 22, thus enabling the fuel cell stack 22 to warm up quickly.

While the invention has been described with reference to what areconsidered to be preferred embodiments thereof, it is to be understoodthat the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments orconstructions. On the contrary, the invention is intended to covervarious modifications and equivalent arrangements. In addition, whilethe various elements of the disclosed invention are shown in variouscombinations and configurations, which are exemplary, other combinationsand configurations, including more, less or only a single element, arealso within the scope of the invention.

1. A cooling system of a fuel cell which generates electricity by an electrochemical reaction produced by supplying a fuel gas to an anode side and an oxidizing gas to a cathode side, comprising: a cooling flow passage through which coolant circulates between a fuel cell stack and a radiator; a second heat exchanger which is provided parallel with the fuel cell stack or the radiator and uses coolant that has been diverted from the cooling flow passage, wherein the second heat exchanger serves as a cooling apparatus of a gas compressor for supplying oxidizing gas, wherein the fuel cell is a vehicular fuel cell mounted in a vehicle, an air conditioning heat exchanger for air conditioning a vehicle cabin is provided parallel with the fuel cell stack, and coolant that has been diverted from the cooling flow passage is used in the air conditioning heat exchanger; a first coolant circulation pump arranged in series in the cooling flow passage; an air conditioning bypass flow passage which is a bypass flow passage through which coolant that has been diverted from the cooling flow passage flows and in which the air conditioning heat exchanger, a heater, and a second coolant circulation pump are arranged; a circulation flow passage arranged in parallel with the air conditioning bypass flow passage; and air conditioning bypass switching means for switching a connection between the air conditioning bypass flow passage and the cooling flow passage and a connection between the air conditioning bypass flow passage and the circulation flow passage.
 2. The cooling system of a fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the air conditioning bypass switching means switches the connection between a closed loop connection in which the air conditioning bypass flow passage and the circulation flow passage are connected in a closed loop and cut off from the cooling flow passage, and a direct connection in which the air conditioning bypass flow passage and the cooling flow passage are directly connected and cut off from the circulation flow passage.
 3. The cooling system of a fuel cell according to claim 2, wherein the second circulation pump is a pump which operates with better efficiency than the first circulation pump when the flow rate of the coolant is low; and pump operation controlling means is further provided for controlling operation of the first circulation pump and operation of the second circulation pump in connection with one another according to the operating state of the fuel cell, and when the fuel cell is operating under a low load, stopping operation of the first circulation pump and circulating coolant to the fuel cell stack using the second circulation pump. 